Nootropics - A Quick Guide

[Skigazzi]

<img src="http://www.democrit.com/img/bio/drugs/homer_brain.jpg">

Quick guide to the most popular nootropic supplements. All can be stacked, or taken alone. Neurostim +C is a good premade stack, though I like to add piracetam to it when I need to concentrate in order to learn (only 4 more months of grad school at night, yay). All of these typically take days to weeks to make a noticeable improvement on concentration and focus, and are best taken in longer periods (2-3 months) followed by down time of one month. As with all supplements, start with the basics, and move on from there.


Piracetam (2-oxo-Pyrrolidine Acetamide) - is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid). Chemically related to the amino acid Pyroglutamic Acid (Pyrrolidine Carboxylic acid), which occurs in cerebrospinal fluid and plays an important role in cognitive functioning.

-Biochemical Effects-
-Enhances Brain Metabolism (By increasing Glucose Utilization, Blood & Oxygen Flow){Boosts mental energy & cerebral circulation}
-Increases Cerebral Phospholipids & Cellular Membrane Fluidity (By interacting with the polar head moieties of the phospholipid bilayer) {Supports healthy neuron communication & structure}.
-Supports Cognitive Receptors (By amplifying the density of the Muscarinic Cholinergic {Frontal Cortex, Striatum, & Hippocampus}, NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) {Hippocampus}, & AMPA (Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-isoxazole-Propionic Acid) Cerebral Cortex Receptors {Strengthens neurotransmitter receptors involved in memory and neuroprotection}
-Stimulates the Corpus Callosum, an area of the brain that controls communication between the left and right hemispheres (Increases communication between both hemispheres) {Involved in speech and creative thinking}.
- Stimulates the Locus Coeruleus, (specialized neurons) {Involved in information processing, attention, cortical/behavioral arousal, learning and memory}
-Inhibits Platelet Aggregation (By increasing Red-White blood cells & Platelet deformability, inhibiting thromboxane A2 synthetase or antagonism of thromboxane A2, reducing von Willebrand's factor & fibrinogen levels) {Supports Healthy Blood Flow}.
-Decreases EEG complexity (Increases cooperatively of brain functional processing) {Positively effects Neuro-Electrical Functioning}.
-Has a significant antioxidant effect.

-Overview-
Piracetam positively supports healthy cognitive & cardiovascular functioning by a multifaceted means of action.

-Notes-
Approved & used since 1970’s worldwide (Europe, Asia, and South American) for various health conditions. Recommended by many healthcare professionals and health organizations, such as the Life Extension Foundation, as a Nootropic.
Piracetum is the first step in the use of nootropics, it also stacks nicely with all of the following.

-Dose-
2-6 grams daily.

-When can I feel it?-
Works within an hour to a few days.
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Aniracetam - Aniracetam (1-Anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone) is a fat soluble potent analog of Piracetam.
-Biochemical Effects-
Similar to Piracetam, but due to its fat solubility its effects last longer and is far more potent.
- Helps increase communication between your left and right sides of the brain, resulting in improved creatively, perception, and more.
- Has an more potent AMPA receptor enhancing effect than Piracetam, resulting in better focus and concentration.
- Been reported to be best ‘cetam for anti-anxiety effects

-Dose-
750-1,500 mg daily with meals.

-When can I feel it?-
Works within an hour to a few days.
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Oxiracetam - (4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinacetamide) is a potent fast acting water soluble analog of Piracetam. Works faster than all other racetams.

-Biochemical Effects-
Similar to Piracetam, but much stronger than Aniracetam and far faster acting. The preferred premium Nootropic for the elite smart drug user.
- Supports multiple aspects of Cognition
- Boosts Brain ATP levels (Mental Energy)
- Increase Choline Acetylcholinetranferase the neuro-enzyme that creates Acetylcholine (in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum) {Memory Support}

-Dose-
800-1,600 mg daily.

-When can I feel it?-
Works within an hour to a few days.
--------------------------------------------------------------

Pramiracetam
(N-{2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl}-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine-acetamide) is a fat soluble potent analog of Piracetam, the most potent Racetam compound being about 15 times stronger than Piracetam.

-Dose-
100-300mg daily

Availability
Sporadic due to customs issues.
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L-Huperzine - A is a natural plant alkaloid (extracted from Huperzia serrata), which quickly and potently boosts memory, learning, and concentration. Used worldwide for decades in adults and high school students. Is considered the most potent short term memory enhancer available.

-Biochemical Effects-
- Potently raises Acetylcholine (main memory neurotransmitter) by inhibiting its breakdown from Acetylcholinesterase.
- Strengthens the Brain's NMDA receptors (Enhances Focus, Learning, and Brain Functioning)

-Dose-
Take 200-400 mcg daily for best results with meals.

-When can I feel it?-
Works within an hour to a few days.
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Alpha GPC (Alpha L-GlycerylPhosphorylCholine), also known as choline alfoscerate, is an unique NeuroActive form of choline that rapidly penetrates the blood brain barrier, naturally found in small amounts in milk and soybeans.

-Biochemical Effects-
- A precursor for the neurotransmitter AcetylCholine [Supports Memory].
- A precursor for PhosphatidylCholine [Supports Brain Structure]

-Dose-
300-2000 mg daily.

-When can I feel it?-
Works within a few days.
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Vinpocetine (Ethyl Apovincamine) is a derivative of vincamine (a phytonootropic from periwinkle). While less potent as a mental stimulant than vincamine, Vinpocetine is the preferred nootropic for Enhancing blood flow to the Brain, Eyes, and Ears. Its effects on Cerebral Blood Flow far exceeds all other nootropics.

-Biochemical Effects-
-Enhances Brain Metabolism (By increasing Glucose Utilization, Blood & Oxygen Flow) (Boosts mental energy & cerebral circulation)
- Stimulates the Locus Coeruleus, (specialized neurons) (Involved in information processing, attention, cortical/behavioral arousal, learning and memory)
-Inhibits Platelet Aggregation (Reduces abnormal blood clots).
-Has a significant antioxidant effect.

-Dose-
20-40 mg daily with meals.
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Theanine (gamma-ethylamino-L-glutamic acid) is an unique amino acid found in trace amounts in green tea. It converts in the brain into GABA, the neurochemical involved in inhibiting over active mental activities, such as stress, anxiety, worrying, and nervousness. Unlike herbs theanine protects & enhances Cognition, without causing sleepy or drowsiness.


-Biochemical Effects-
- Instant relaxation due to its potent effects on raising GABA
- Unlike the supplement GABA it passes through the blood brain barrier readily and has superior GABA raising effects.
- Has been studied compared to Paxil.

-Notes-
In Japan it is used in soft drinks much like caffeine is added in the US, but to relax rather than stimulate the mind.

-Dose-
200-1000mg daily.

-When can I feel it?-
Works within a few hours.
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Acetyl-L-Carnitine (2-Acetoxy-3-(trimethylaminium)butanoic acid) is an amino acid-like compound related to Choline found in high levels in brain cells.

-Biochemical Effects-
- Increases Acetylation of Coenzyme A (a precursor to Acetylcholine) [Memory Enhancer]
- Enhances transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria [Increased Cellular Energy Levels]

-Dose-
500-3000mg daily
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Choline supplements should be taken during the administration of all nootropics. Lecithin (caps and granules) is a cheap choline source. Lecithin should be taken in doses of 5-8 grams daily to support the nootropics. Alpha GPC (listed above) is another source for choline. It is more effective / more expensive, but only requires dosing in the 1-3 gram range to support choline levels in the brain.

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STACKS

Simple Stack :
1-2 grams piracetam every 8 hours with 5 grams lecithin daily.

Study Stack - Simple :
1-2 grams piracetam every 8 hours / 5 grams lecithin / 10mg Vinpocetine every 8 hours

Advanced Stack :
2 grams piracetam every 8 hours
500 mg aniracetam every 8 hours
1 gram Alpha GPC every 8 hours

Study Stack - advanced :
1.5 grams piracetam every 8 hours
500 mg aniracetam every 8 hours
1.5 grams Alpha GPC every 8 hours
15 mg Vinpocetine every 8 hours
150 mcg Huperzine every 8 hours

Anxiety / Concentration Stack :
500 mg aniracetam every 8 hours
200 mg theanine every 8 hours (plan for one dose prior to a speech or presentation)

After all test are done stack :
500mg Theanine
1.5 grams Phenibut (do not study on phenibut)
5 grams lecithin
----------------------------------------------------

Good premixed Nootropics Stacks
http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/sv/nsc.html
http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/sns/focus.html

These are very useful for using as bases to homemade stacks and are pretty hard to beat for PreWO mixes. Add a little chocamine or AMP/HEAT and its a potent mix.

[Random907]

Will there be a continuation of this?

Better yet, you should provide a list of optimal stacks, which goes best with which. In terms of let's say pre-workout for that mind-muscle connectivity, or a pre-exam stack for the college students in here. Don't forget pre-cautions as well, like taking lecithin supplements, so there won't be a drop in your acetylcholine levels in your brain.

Anywho, just some suggestions. Peace.

[Skigazzi]

Will there be a continuation of this?

Better yet, you should provide a list of optimal stacks, which goes best with which. In terms of let's say pre-workout for that mind-muscle connectivity, or a pre-exam stack for the college students in here. Don't forget pre-cautions as well, like taking lecithin supplements, so there won't be a drop in your acetylcholine levels in your brain.

Anywho, just some suggestions. Peace.

Yea, more to come, but got pulled away and had to post. And feel free to contribute to the info!!!

[Blap Blaow]

Better yet, you should provide a list of optimal stacks, which goes best with which.

I like that idea.

Great idea for a thread Skigazzi- nicely done!!

[sword_]

Hey help me out here bro

http://forum.bodybuilding.com/showthread.php?t=641354

I'm looking to make a nonstimulating (maybe a little caffine) and energetic preworkout stack...obviously on the nootropic side since mental focus is a must in working out. If i use stimulants they are counterproductive in my workout and make me feel like my heart is about explode. I have had good results with neurostim+c but I think I am a little tolerant to it now...i was thinking

2 grams CEE
3 Grams ALCAR
3 Grams Citrulline Malate
1-2 Grams of L-Tyrosine
1-2 Grams of Piracetam

Advice?

[Skigazzi]

If you dont like stimulants that much, you could try adding a slightly less potent one like chocamine, its main energy component is theobromine which has a longer half life than caffeine (longer, smoother energy) but, its only about 70% as powerful (less jitters) and contains

From BN.com

Chocamine is a proprietary cocoa extract meant to provide the stimulation and health benefits of chocolate without any of the unnecessary, potentially unhealthy ingredients (such as sugar and fat). It contains numerous constituents, including methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline), biogenic amines (phenylethylamine, tyramine, and according to one source, synephrine), amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, others), minerals (with a high content of magnesium), numerous beneficial antioxidants, and possibly some non-psychoactive cannabanoid-related compounds. The combination of these multiple ingredients produces a unique effect. Promotional literature makes many positive claims about Chocamine, including increased energy, appetite suppression, increased lipolysis (fat burning), improved mood, improved concentration, increased alertness, improved physical performance, aphrodisiac properties, and health benefits. This article will examine the properties of some of the known constituents of Chocamine.

The methylxanthines are a group of compounds that include caffeine and some related stimulants. Chocamine contains methylxanthines such as theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline. Each gram of Chocamine contains 120 mg theobromine and 80 mg caffeine.

Theobromine is similar in both structure and function to caffeine, but it has a longer half-life, which may be one of the reasons chocamine has the reputation of being a "long-lasting stimulant." Theobromine also has a relative potency a few orders of magnitude lower than caffeine, but the amount in Chocamine (assuming a gram or more is taken) is still enough to have a psychoactive effect.

If you put 500mg into the mix, you'd get 60mg theobromine and only 40mg caffeine which should give you a lift but not cuase any issues.

Taking piracetam preworkout might be worthless as its a slow acting substance. Its more of an all day everyday supp. Perhaps taking a one time dose of 30mg of vinpocetine would increase your focus for working out more? In general I think nootropics are best dosed spread out over a days / weeks / months.

If I had to make you a stack it would be :

2g CEE
3g Cit. Malate
2g Alcar
500mg Chocamine
500mg Tyrosine (Chocamine contains this to some extent too)
1g lecithin (http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/now/lecithin.html 2 caps )
1g Piracetam (with 2 other daily doses of 1 gram of Piracetam and lecithin as well.)


But thats me, everyone reponds a little different to these supps.

Ginko is another really cheap one that you might want to play with.

[sword_]

Yeah I don't have a problem with using caffine with the stack. If I was going to chose between chochamine and caffine i'd go w/ caffine personally...I think I'm preety tolerant to it. Stimulants like yohimbine have an adverse effect on my workout like I said. Ephedrine too. Thanks for the advice.

[Skigazzi]

Yeah I don't have a problem with using caffine with the stack. If I was going to chose between chochamine and caffine i'd go w/ caffine personally...I think I'm preety tolerant to it. Stimulants like yohimbine have an adverse effect on my workout like I said. Ephedrine too. Thanks for the advice.

You may wanna look into Avants HEAT stack, it has Alpha-Yohimbine and its not that terrible dirty energy yohimbe gives ( I hate Yohimbine/ine). If you took 3 caps of that preWO a bottle would last you 3 months. I just started it since I saw Par Deus talking about how A-Y is a much more refined energy, and I agree. Plus its caffeine free.

[sword_]

You may wanna look into Avants HEAT stack, it has Alpha-Yohimbine and its not that terrible dirty energy yohimbe gives ( I hate Yohimbine/ine). If you took 3 caps of that preWO a bottle would last you 3 months. I just started it since I saw Par Deus talking about how A-Y is a much more refined energy, and I agree. Plus its caffeine free.

Ill keep that in mind with my next Avant order.

[Steve_W]

Nice thread, thanks for the info.

[prolangtum]

cool post....i have yet to try any of the 'racetams, probaly wont ever, but i have been curious as to the differences nonetheless.

[Pace]

Yea, more to come, but got pulled away and had to post. And feel free to contribute to the info!!!

Nice bro...Great Info!!

[Stuart Rudolph]

I've been stacking 2 grams of Piracetam, 1 gram of Choline Bitartrate, 400mg. of caffeine, with my creatine for a pre-workout mix. Talk about getting in the "zone". Laser focus with every rep, and no jitters from the caffeine whatsoever.

I continue to stack the nootropics at lunch time, and prior to dinner. It has helped me tremendously at my work. I used to be distracted by every little thing, and doing projects half-assed. Not anymore. I read and speak more fluidly now. Has vastly improved my overall sense of well being, and outlook on life. Two thumbs up from me!

Note: It is imperative to stack choline, or lecithin with any of the "Tams", otherwise you will not receive all the benefits as described above. Recommend highly.

[pu12en12g]

Somewhat on topic.. it's amazing how opinions have changed regarding GABA during the past few years. I'll probably have to give it another try at some point.

Nice thread.

[pu12en12g]

DMAE

1. What are they and where do they come from?

DMAE - Dimethylaminoethanol - is an antioxidant and a precursor of the neurotransmitter Acetycholine (ACh). Acetycholine is responsible for feelings of well-being and relaxation.

It plays an important role in the onset of a dreaming state. DMAE is available in supplement form. It can be consumed orally, or used as a cream topically.

2. What does it do and what scientific studies give evidence to support this?

Although the science has not yet reached a conclusive, supportable, position on the exact function(s) of DMAE, anecdotal evidence suggests that DMAE supplementation is very beneficial. For example, anecdotal evidence indicates that DMAE may be appropriate for cosmetic purposes, due to its ability to reduce facial sag. DMAE may be helpful in improving memory and learning ability.

DMAE supplementation has been known to increase energy levels, as well as alleviate the symptoms typically following the consumption of large quantities of alcohol. Supplementing with DMAE can also offset the symptoms associated with long-term use of antipsychotic drugs.1 It may also have positive benefits for dreaming and mood stabilization.2,3

3. Who needs it and what are some symptoms of deficiency?

There are no known symptoms of deficiency. Everyone can benefit from supplementing with DMAE. Populations that may benefit most from the supplementation of DMAE include: The Elderly, Athletes, persons on antipsychotic medication, children suffering from down syndrome and attention deficit disorder (ADD), and individuals who wish to use DMAE for its cosmetic applications.

Elderly persons are at an increased risk of developing depression. The onset of depression in elderly populations can be caused by a number of factors. DMAE can help alleviate or prevent symptoms of depression because of its ability to stabilize emotions and increase energy.

Increased energy levels are something that athletes require. High-intensity physical activity is very demanding. By supplementing with DMAE, athletes may notice shorter recovery times and improved athletic performance. DMAE also plays a role in muscle contractions (by being a precursor to ACh).4

Person suffering from psychiatric conditions, children with attention deficit disorder and persons with down syndrome, may find that, due to its ability to stabilize moods and improve behavior, DMAE is a worthwhile substance to add to their treatment programs.

DMAE, as mentioned, also has a cosmetic application. While it is not a "facelift in a bottle", DMAE can serve to tighten the skin when applied topically. This may reduce signs of aging. Individuals with a PABA (Para-Amino-benzoic-acid) allergy should avoid supplementing with DMAE because DMAE is a chemical relative of PABA.

4. How much should be taken? Are there any side effects?

DMAE is non-toxic and is safe for human use. However, it is recommended that label directions always be followed. Overdosing with DMEA can result in insomnia, headaches and muscle tension. Persons suffering from Alzheimer's disease, depression, or other psychiatric conditions should consult a physician prior to supplementing with DMAE.

5. Where can I get it?

There are different brand names that manufacture supplemental DMAE

Valerian Root

Valerian Root has been used as a sleep aid for over 1,000 years. It's ability to help relax the central nervous system, promote feelings of calm, decrease levels of anxiety and stress, and enhance sleep are known to millions the world over. Valerian is not known to cause morning grogginess and is non-addictive.

You can help your body and mind relax by taking Valerian Root which aids relaxation and promotes sleep.

A Study Proves It

The effect of an aqueous extract of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) root on subjectively rated sleep measures was studied on 128 people. Each person received 9 samples to test (3 containing placebo, 3 containing 400 mg valerian extract and 3 containing a proprietary over-the-counter valerian preparation). The samples, identified only by a code number, and presented in random order, were taken on non-consecutive nights.

Valerian produced a significant decrease in subjectively evaluated sleep latency scores and a significant improvement in sleep quality: the latter was most notable among people who considered themselves poor or irregular sleepers, smokers, and people who thought they normally had long sleep latencies. Night awakenings, dream recall and somnolence the next morning were relatively unaffected by valerian.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1982 Jul;17(1):65-71.

Aniracetam:

<img src="http://www.antiaging-systems.com/iasstore/acatalog/0006.jpg">

Pharmaceutical Category: AMPAMET belongs to the category of psychostimulants and nootropics. AMPAMET 750 granules to be taken by mouth and AMPAMET 1500 granules to be taken by mouth.

Therepeutical Indications: Attention and memory disorders of degenerative or vascular origin in the elderly.

Contraindications: Proven individual hypersensitivity to the pharmaceutical product.

Precautions: In the case of symptoms such as restlessness, anxiety, agitation at night or insomnia, it is preferable either to administer the second dose in the early afternoon, or opt for a single 1500-mg dose in the morning. Although studies on animals have not shown teratogenic effects, patients are nonetheless advised not to take this pharmaceutical product if pregnant or breast-feeding. Patients with serious renal failure (creatinine clearance < 10 mL/min) are advised to reduce the daily dosage by half.

Interactions: Clinical experience concerning the interaction of AMPAMET with other pharmaceutical products has not been released.

Special Warning: Pregnancy and breast-feeding. Studies on animals have not shown teratogenic effects. Although studies on animals have not shown teratogenic effects, patients are nonetheless advised not to take this pharmaceutical product if pregnant or breast-feeding. Driving or operating machinery. AMPAMET does not interfere with the patient’s capacity to drive or operate machinery.

Directions For Use: The recommended complete daily dosage is 1,500 mg to be taken in 1-2 doses. Tablets are to be swallowed whole with a sip of water. The contents of the sachets are to be mixed in a glass of water and swallowed. The therapeutic effects of aniracetam are shown after some 60 days and become more noticeable after four months of treatment.

Overdose: Cases of overdose of this pharmaceutical product have not been reported.

Adverse Effects: AMPAMET is well tolerated by all patients, even the very elderly. Occasional cases have been reported of agitation, anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia. These adverse effects are reduced if the dosage is modified. See Precautions. Should symptoms occur that are not described in this leaflet, consult a doctor as soon as possible. Regarding patients who may be hypersensitive to this product: Any symptom other than those described should be reported to the patient’s doctor.

[sword_]

http://nootropics.ipbhost.com/

[pu12en12g]

Procaine:

Procaine is a unique compound made from DEAE (DiEthylAminoEthanol) and B-Vitamin PABA (ParaAminoBenzoic Acid). DEAE is the active compound and is related to DMAE (DiMethylAminoEthanol).

Biochemical Effects:

- Boosts Mood (Elevates Serotonin)
- Helps Memory (Increases Acetylcholine)
- Protects Cells (Raises Phospholipids)
- Increases Energy (Improves cellular metabolism)

Procaine Hydrochloride was first synthesized in 1905 by a German chemist Albert Einhorn. He was looking for a compound that would act as an anesthetic, would be non-toxic, free of side effects, and would not be addictive. Dr. Einhorn was looking for a compound that could replace ******* as an anesthetic. ******* was being used at the time as an anesthetic. However, because ******* was toxic, addictive, and destructive to the central nervous system, its use was being outlawed. Dr. Einhorn was able to produce a compound that demonstrated the properties he was looking for. This new compound he named procaine. "Pro" means, in place of, and "caine" comes from the word *******. Because of the similarity of the names and because they are both anesthetics, there is much confusion as to the nature of procaine. Procaine when injected into the muscles acts as an anesthetic but when taken orally in a complexed form procaine acts as a vitamin. Procaine HCl solutions, used as anesthetics, are tradenamed Novocaine.

Chemically procaine is the PABA ester of the amino alcohol DEAE. PABA (p-amino-benzoic acid), is a "B" vitamin. DEAE, (n,n diethylaminoethanol) is a biologically active precursor of the "B" vitamin choline. (Fig. 1) Procaine is usually used in the form of the hydrochloride salt (procaine HCl) because it is highly water soluble. Procaine hydrochloride, when taken orally, enters the body by being mainly absorbed through the villi in the small intestine. Experiments show that the bulk of the procaine HCl enters the bloodstream molecularly intact. In the blood stream procaine HCl is rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme pseudo-cholinesterase into PABA and DEAE the two components of the procaine molecule. These metabolites are removed by the liver, chemically changed, and excreted in the urine.

In the late 1940's Dr. Ana Aslan a Romanian cardiologist found that adding a small amount of benzoic acid to the procaine solution stabilized some of the procaine enough to protect it from the blood enzymes. This protected procaine which Dr. Aslan named Gerovital H3 or GH-3 was found to be very helpful in supplying PABA and DEAE to damaged and\or diseased cells. Ana Aslan named the procaine vitamin H-3. GH-3 is listed under H-3 in the Merck index.

Procaine HCl when combined with biologically active acids(1) such as folic acid, biotin,ascorbic acid, pantothenic acid, citric acid and many other acids such as amino acids etc., acts as a vitamin or food supplement. The vitamin acids and other biologically active acids when complexed with the procaine HCl molecule protect the procaine from the enzymes in the blood allowing the procaine to enter the cells. These vitamin complexes help the cells assimilate and utilize nutrients more efficiently. These complexed procaine compounds Dr. Koch named Vitacel (Vital Cell).

Procaine HCl (procaine hydrochloride) is the active ingredient in Gerovital H3 (GH-3) and in the Vitacels 3 through 8. Procaine HCl is broken down rapidly by enzymes in the blood stream into PABA and DEAE. The PABA and DEAE are rapidly conjugated and removed from the blood and excreted from the body. Because of this procaine HCl and its breakdown products (metabolites) are unable to get into the cells in any great quantity to produce benefits. Procaine HCl will produce some benefits by itself, but they are very limited.

However when procaine HCl is complexed properly (Koch process)(1) the procaine HCl is protected from the action of the enzymes in the blood and tissues this protection gives the procaine enough time to be transfered into the cells of the body where it helps the cells rebuild, repair, and detoxify. This action of the procaine HCl complex is responsible for the remarkable improvements in health that result from the use of GH-3.

Whereas the DEAE (diethylaminoethanol) from the procaine HCl breaks down in the cells and is oxidized producing acetyl groups that are very valuable for producing acetylcholine and other materials necessary for cellular health.

Deprenyl:

Deprenyl (also called Selegiline or Juprenil) is a derivative of PhenylEthylAmine (PEA) (a neurotransmitter involved with Dopamine), which effects mood and mental alertness.

Biochemical Effects:

- Inhibits neuroenzyme MAO-B, which increases with age and breaks down Dopamine. (Boosts Dopamine levels, Mood/Mental Energy/Motivation Enhancer)

-Boosts Neuro-PEA levels 1300-3500%. (Helps maintain focus, concentration, alertness and effortful attention.)

- Has Potent NeuroAntioxidant & NeuroProtective effects.

[pu12en12g]

Kava Kava

Latin name: Piper methysticum

A Remedy For

* Anxiety
* Insomnia
* Nervousness

In the past, Kava Kava has been taken for a host of ailments on which it has no appreciable effect, including asthma, arthritis, indigestion, cystitis, syphilis, and gonorrhea. For tension and sleeplessness, however, it is now considered a proven remedy.

What It Is; Why It Works
One of the "new" herbs that have recently gained considerable media attention, Kava Kava has actually been around for centuries in the South Seas, where it's used as a ceremonial beverage. The plant's fleshy underground stem is mildly intoxicating when chewed. Prepared as a nonalcoholic drink, it is said to foster a sense of contentment and well-being, while sharpening the mind, memory, and senses.
Research shows that the active ingredients in Kava Kava (kava pyrones) do in fact have a calming, sedative effect. They also appear to relax the muscles, relieve spasms, and prevent convulsions. At least two scientific studies have confirmed the herb's ability to significantly reduce symptoms of anxiety. In a third study, researchers rated it as effective as prescription tranquilizers.

Avoid If...
Do not use Kava Kava if you are pregnant or nursing. Also avoid it if you have a depressive disorder; it can deepen a depressed mood.

Special Cautions
When first taking Kava Kava, you may notice a slightly tired feeling in the mornings.
In rare cases, Kava Kava can cause an allergic reaction, a slight yellowing of the skin, gastrointestinal complaints, impaired or abnormal movement, loss of balance, pupil dilation, and difficulty focusing. Because of the possibility of visual disturbances, drive with caution while using this herb.
High doses of the herb have been known to trigger hepatitis. Heavy long-term use can also cause an unusual scaly rash, and may lead to unwanted weight loss. Do not take this herb for more than 3 months without consulting a physician.

Possible Drug Interactions
Do not take Kava Kava when using other substances that act on the brain, such as alcohol, barbiturates, or other mood-altering drugs. It may increase their effect. Be especially wary of taking it with the tranquilizer *****; the combination has caused coma.
Kava Kava also has an antagonistic effect on dopamine. If you are taking a levodopa-based medication for Parkinson's disease, avoid this herb.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Remember, Kava Kava should be avoided during pregnancy and nursing.

How To Prepare
Commercial extracts are the predominant form of Kava Kava. The crushed root can also be used.

Typical Dosage
Daily doses delivering between 50 and 240 milligrams of the active ingredients are the customary recommendation. Commercial capsules containing between 150 and 300 milligrams of root extract may be taken twice a day. Because the potency of commercial preparations may vary, follow the manufacturer's directions whenever available.

Overdosage
An overdose is usually signaled by a lack of coordination, followed by tiredness and a tendency to sleep. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately.

1. What is it and where does it come from?

Kava Kava is a member of the pepper family and is Native to several pacific islands. The herb has been used widely for over 3,000 years by pacific native populations, and has become popular in Europe and North America.

Kava Kava (Piper methysticum) supplements are produced by using the underground stem of the plant, and the substance in Kava responsible for its effects are Kavalactones.

Kava is also known as: Malohu, maluk, meruk, milik, kew, Rauschpfeffer, sakau, tonga, Wurzelstock, yagona, yangona, yaqona, yongona, ava, ava pepper, ava root, awa, gea, gi, intoxicating pepper, intoxicating long pepper, kao, Piper methysticum, Macropiper, Latifolium, Piper inebrians, kava, kava kava, kava-kava, kava root, kava-kava root, kavain, kava pepper, kavapipar, kawa, kawa kawa, kawa pepper, kawapfeffer, maori kava and rhizoma di kava-kava.

It is important to note that Kava is produced according to certain standards. The standard of highest quality is WS 1490. Not all brand names may meet this standard. When purchasing Kava products, look for this certification.

2. What does it do and what scientific studies give evidence to support this?

Kava is a diverse substance and performs many physiological actions. Kava is best known for its ability to induce relaxation. Kavalactones (the active ingredient), induce physical and mental relaxation, and feelings of well being. These Kava induced feelings of well being and relaxation relax muscles, and help induce sleep.

Learn more about the benefits of Kava Kava on Clayton South's Health Facts.

3. Who needs it and what are symptoms of deficiency?

Anyone in good health can benefit from supplementing with Kava. Because of its sedative properties, Kava is often used by persons who have anxiety3,4,5.

Bodybuilders may benefit from supplementing with Kava as it may offset overtraining. Bodybuilders using Kava should also supplement with Milk Thistle. Persons supplementing with Kava should be monitored by a qualified medical practitioner.

4. How much should be taken? Are there any side effects?

No rigid dosage procedures have yet been established, but it is recommended that dosage should not exceed 300mg daily.

Side effects of overdose can include: difficulties focusing and temporary dilation of the pupils, skin rashes, hypertension, reduced protein levels, blood cell abnormalities, liver damage, muscle weakness, visual impairment, dizziness and drying or a yellowing of the skin6. Persons experiencing these side effects should immediately discontinue the use of kava products. This product should not be used continuously for a period exceeding three months. 7

Because of its sedative effects kava should not be used by pregnant women or nursing women. Persons consuming alcohol should avoid Kava supplementation8 and, because of its sedative effect, Kava should not be consumed before driving or operating heavy machinery. 7

There have been safety concerns associated with Kava use. Because of a series of deaths linked with kava, German officials are considering banning the supplement9, although a study done on the cases in question showed that of the seventeen persons supplementing kava, five of those persons were shown to have no problems resulting from kava, while the other twelve cases were shown to be complicated by other factors, thus calling kavas causational role into question. 10

In addition, four case reports linking kava products to liver toxcitity have appeared in scientific literature. 11,12,13It should be noted, however, that all of the case study subjects were also taking other medications that have been linked to liver damage. 15 Thus, no conclusions can be reasonably reached based on the four case studies cited. In the United Kingdom there have been three cases of liver toxicity suspected to be due to kava, but as of this time further data is needed. 16

Breaking research (resulting from unfounded claims that kava is harmfull) has determined that persons suffering side effects from kava (about two in thirty-six) have immunologically mediated idiosyncratic mechanisms and that direct toxic mechanism is much less likely. 17 This suggests that the problems experienced from kava use by a very small segment of the population is due to an immune system dysfunction rather than the kava itself.

Evidence shows that toxicity can be eliminated if the product is manufactured correctly. 18 Further research established that kava rarely causes liver injury. 19 A study done on rats showed that kava extracts had no effect on liver function and were not at all harmfull. 20

The breaking scientific evidence on this product shows that it is safe. Persons considering using kava as a supplement should consult with a physican prior to use.

5. Where can I get it?

There are different brand names that manufacture supplemental kava. Below is a listing of all available kava products for sale on Bodybuilding.com.

http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/kavaper.html

[pu12en12g]

Nicergoline:

Nicergoline- the latest ergot derivative

Nicergoline (pronounced nice-er-go-lean) is perhaps the latest commercially available variation of all the ergot preparations. It has become most popular in Japan and indeed many of its clinical trials have been performed there.

Nicergoline appears to be a potent vasodilator (improving brain blood flow). On the cerebral level it prompts a lowering of vascular resistance, an increase in arterial flow and stimulates the use of oxygen and glucose. However, clinical trials confirm that nicergoline also improves blood circulation in the lungs and limbs and that blood platelet aggregation is inhibited.

Studies also indicate that nicergoline does not affect arterial tension and that in cases of patients suffering from hypertension, it may induce a gradual lowering of the tension.

Its approved uses to date have therefore included all of the following:

1. Migraines (of vascular origin).
2. Platelet aggregability and arterial hypertension.
3. Eye disorders (retinal thromboses, diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration).
4. Problems of a vascular nature (dizziness, auditory problems, hypoacusis).
5. Treatment of senile dementias.

One interesting Japanese clinical study on rats showed that nicergoline increases nerve growth factor in the brains of aged animals, but it shows no statistical affect upon the brains of young animals!

Further studies indicate that nicergoline can enhance glutamate re-uptake and protect the brain against ischaemia (lack of blood flow). This appears to be the main action of nicergoline and it presents itself as a mild stimulant and enhancer with long-term protection against brain disorders that may be due to blood, glucose or oxygen deprivation.
Nicergoline- dosages, side effects and contraindications

Side effects are usually limited to nausea, hot flushes, mild gastric upset, hypotension and dizziness. At high dosages bradycardia, increased appetite, agitation, diarrhea and perspiration have been known to present themselves.

Persons suffering from acute bleeding, myocardial infarction or bradycardia should avoid nicergoline use. Persons using alpha or beta receptor agonists (such as propranolol/ Inderal) should not take nicergoline concurrently as nicergoline is known to enhance the cardiac depressive effects. Nicergoline is also known to heighten the effects of pharmaceutical products that produce hypotension, such as other ergot preparations in high doses (i.e. Hydergine and bromocriptine).

Although not stated by the manufacturer, other potent vasodilatation agents such as vinpocetine, xanthinol nicotinate or picamilone should only be used concurrently under the guidance of a physician.

Dosages for known conditions are usually administered at 5-10mg three times a day, however anti-aging preventative purposes may want to consider 5mg once or twice a day more adequate.
Conclusion

These three ergot preparations are all related and yet we can see their differences in the results of their various clinical studies. Each have differing strengths of reaction and indeed different effects.

Fungi’s from rye were used by our ancestors for many different reasons, some of them as rites of passage into adulthood, most were considered to be “mind-expanding.” Now we know many of the pharmacological actions and roles they play in mental and memory enhancement and in the slowing of age-related brain disorders.

Today, we understand that brain protection and enhancement is a most important factor- if not the most important factor for anti-aging medicine and successful longevity.

References

Bernd Saletu, et al, “Nicergoline in senile dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia: A double blind, placebo controlled, clinical and EEG/ ERP mapping study.” Pharmacia & Upjohn
Nicergoline drug insert, Pharmacia & Upjohn, October 2000.

Asai S, Zhao H, Yama****a A, Jike T, Kunimatsu T, Nagata T, Kohno T, Ishikawa K, “Nicergoline enhances glutamate re-uptake and protects against brain damage in rat global brain ischaemia.” European Journal Pharmacology 1999 Nov 3: 3;383(3):267-74.

Takeshi N, Nobuhiko S, Shoei F, Ichiro A, Yukitsuka K, “Repeated injections of nicergoline increase the nerve growth factor level in the aged rat brain.” Japanese Journal Pharmacology, 76 (3), 321-323 (1998).

Iliff L, DuBoulay GH, Marshall J, et al, “Effect of nicergoline on cerebral blood flow.” Journal Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 1977, 40:746-7.

[pu12en12g]

Hydergine:

The substance, whose generic name is ergoloid mesylates, is made from a natural, organic source: the ergot fungus of rye plants (it was discovered at Sandoz laboratories by the visionary chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann, also known for his discovery of another ergot derivative, LSD 25). It increases mental abilities, prevents damage to brain cells, and may even be able to reverse existing damage to brain cells. Hydergine acts in several ways to enhance mental capabilities and to slow down or reverse the aging processes in the brain.

A few of the huge number of beneficial effects scientists have attributed to Hydergine include: increased protein syntheses in the brain; reduced accumulation of lipofuscin in the brain; increased quantities of blood and oxygen delivered to the brain; improvement of memory, learning and intelligence; beneficial improvements in brainwave activity; increased metabolism in brain cells; normalization of blood pressure; and increased production of such neurotransmitters as dopamine and norepinephrine (neurochemical messengers essential to the formation of memory, and also associated with arousal, alertness, elation and pleasure). Hydergine also functions as a powerful antioxidant and thus protects the brain against the damage caused by those infamous rascally free radicals (unstable and extremely reactive molecules produced by normal metabolism, which cause damage associated with aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease).

One way that Hydergine may enhance brain functioning is by mimicking the effect of a substance called nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF promotes the growth of dendrites--the long branching fibers by which neurons receive information from other neurons. Scientists studying the effects of learning on the brain have found it is directly related to dendritic growth. Hydergine seems to work by the same neurochemical pathway as NGF to produce neural growth. While Hydergine is widely used for the treatment of senility, scientists have also studied its effects, both short term and long term, in normal healthy humans; these studies noted significant improvements in a variety of cognitive function, including alertness, memory, reaction time, abstract reasoning and cognitive processing ability.

PRECAUTIONS: If too large a dose is used when first taking Hydergine, it may cause slight nausea, gastric disturbance, or headache. Overall, Hydergine does not produce and serious side effects, it is non-toxic even at very large doses and it is contraindicated only for individuals who have chronic or acute psychosis.

DOSAGE: The US recommended dosage is 3mg per day, however, the European recommended dosage is 9 mg per day taken in three divided doses. Most of the research has been done at levels of 9 to 12 mg per day or higher, and there is some evidence that 3 mg per day is simply insufficient for significant cognition- enhancement effects. It may take several weeks or even months before Hydergine produces noticeable effects. Hydergine (though not its generic counterpart) is available in a sublingual form, and there is evidence that sublingual doses reach the brain in greater quantity.

SOURCES: Hydergine is available in the USA with a doctor's prescription, and approved by the FDA for the treatment of senile dementia and insufficient blood circulation to the brain--your doctor may not be familiar with the uses discussed.

A statistical analysis of studies showing efficacy in the treatment of cognitively impaired elderly

The pharmacologic treatment of dementia has received much attention in recent years. Hydergine, one of only two drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of dementia, was largely abandoned in the 1980's due to the uncertainty of its degree of clinical efficacy. The purpose of our study was to more precisely define the effect of Hydergine on cognitive function in elderly demented patients by combining the results of multiple weighted studies using similar methodology. All data came from randomized placebo controlled trials on a total of 271 subjects. Our results show that Hydergine had a statistically significant effect on global functional status compared to placebo, with the most significant improvement demonstrated on symptoms of depression, emotional lability, and indifference to surroundings. Further studies using Hydergine in the treatment of dementia appear to be justified.

References:

1. Emmenhegger H, Meier Ruge W, " The actions of Hydergine on the brain" Pharmacology (1968) 1:65-78.

2. Boismare F, "Biochemical and behavioral effects of hypoxic hypoxia in rats, study of the protection afforded by Hydergine" Gerontology (1978) 24, No 1 6- 13.

3. Boula G, "Effects of Dihydroerogotoxine mesylate on aging neurons in vitro" Gerontology (1978) 24: 66- 70.

4. Cahn J, Borzeix M, "Aging and Hypertension as risk membranes." Aging (1983) 23: 413- 425.

5. Ditch M, "An ergot preparation in the treatment of Cerebrovascular disorders in the geriatric patient" Journal of the American Geriatrics society (1971) 19 No 3 208- 217.

6. Sandoz Inc., "Hydergine" Manufacturers product information sheet (1999)

7. Hughes J, "An ergot alkaloid preparation in the treatment of dementia" Journal of the American Geriatric society (1976) 24 490- 497.

8. Yoshilawa M, "A dose response study with dihydroergotoxine mesylate in cerebrovascular disturbances" Journal of the American Geriatric Society (1983) 31 1 1-7.

9. Cranton M: Franckelton J: "Treatment of Free Radical Pathology in chronic degenerative diseases with EDT chelation therapy" Journal of Holistic Medicine (1984) 6-1.

10. Pearson D: Shaw S: "Life Extension" Warner books, New York (1982).

11. Copeland R: "Behavioural and Neuro chemical effects of Hydergine in rats" Archives of International Pharmacodynamics (1981) 252: 113- 123.

12. Rao B: Norris J: "A double blind investigation of Hydergine in the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency in the elderly." John Hopkins Medical Journal (1971) 130 317- 323.

13. Weil C, "Pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of Hydergine" Handbook of experimental Pharmacology (1978) Springer Verlag New York.

14. Fanchamps A, "Dihydroergotoxine in senile cerebral insufficiency" Aging (1983) 23 311- 322.

15. Hindmarch I, "The effects of an ergot alkaloid derivative on aspects of psychomotor performance" The journal of clinical pharmacology (1979) 726- 731.

16. Speigel R, "A controlled long term study with Hydergine, in healthy elderly volunteers" Journal of the American Geriatrics society (1983) 31, No 9 549- 555.

17. Yesavarage J, "Dihydroergotoxine 6mg v 3mg dosage in the treatment of senile dementia" Journal of the American Geriatric Society (1979) No 2 80-82.

18. Dean W, “Hydergine, potential anti-aging drug still highly recommended” Anti-Aging Bulletin, Volume 3 Issue 4, January 1998, International Anti-Aging Systems.

19. Bertoni-Freddari C, Fattoretti P, Casoli T, Spanga C, Meier-Ruge W, “Morphological alterations od synaptic mitochondria during aging- the effect of hydergine treatment in the pharmacology of the aging process- methods of assessment and potential interventions.” New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 717 by Imre Zs-Nagy and Kenichi Kitani eds.) NYAS, NY 1994.

20. Cucinotta D, DeLeo D, Frattola L, Trabucchi M, Parnetti L, “Dihydroergokryptine vs. placebo in dementia of Alzheimer type: Interim study after a 1 year follow up.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 22, 169-180 (1996).

[Outside backer]

with regards to the first post.

any draw backs to taking all thse at once?

ar4 th available at say your fav. bulk powder supplier?

how is the taste of these all mixed together lol

during the day i do military stuff

during the night i do school work to finish my degree to compete for a spot get my commission and get out of the enlisted ranks so I can def use some smart help.

im looking at the advanced stack. i fifugre now would be the perfect time to start taking it. its winter break it will have 1 month to really kick in with the start of a enw semester.

any drawbacks like sleeplessness with any of thse stacks. id hate to be up all night after my lab ends at 10pm

[pu12en12g]

how is the taste of these all mixed together lol

Tastes like..... ROFLZ ! !

[Tarkana]

just wondering, what defines something as being nootropic? i mean, i've taken tyrosine b4, and now i hear its a nootropic supp, does that mean i need to get some more choline than whats in my multi? and about theanine, would it work well for pre-bed, like GABA's recommended, and is it meant to replace GABA or would it work in conjunction with a small dose of GABA?

[Outside backer]

Tastes like..... ROFLZ ! !

Im so in then sign me up

bahahah

[Black_Spit]

just wondering, what defines something as being nootropic? i mean, i've taken tyrosine b4, and now i hear its a nootropic supp, does that mean i need to get some more choline than whats in my multi? and about theanine, would it work well for pre-bed, like GABA's recommended, and is it meant to replace GABA or would it work in conjunction with a small dose of GABA?

Good question, Theanine is pretty cheap. And, since it crosses the b/b barrier much better than GABA and works as a precursor to GABA, maybe the GABA user could lower their 3-5g dose to 750-1500mg's with a 100-200 mg serving of Theanine. Any ideas?

[Random907]

Nicely done, Skizz. Likewise to Pu12. I'll send reps your way.

Oh yeah, Skizz, you should add ingestion procedures. Like ingest x hours/minutes before meals(whichever is optimal) and/or ingest x(time) before specific event(exam/workout) and so forth. I know you already have the amount of dosages per given time period, but this thread would be even better if you specified when to take it.

Peace.

[Random907]

Good question, Theanine is pretty cheap. And, since it crosses the b/b barrier much better than GABA and works as a precursor to GABA, maybe the GABA user could lower their 3-5g dose to 750-1500mg's with a 100-200 mg serving of Theanine. Any ideas?

Theanine is most definitely not cheap in Canada. Major bummer, it's like 40 bucks for a bottle at my local health store.

[myk7]

you mentioned that Oxiracetam is the "elite" nootropic and faster acting+stronger than piracetem, how come Oxiracetam isnt listed in any of the stacks?

i was thinking of getting some ********, but maybe ill just make a good nootropics mix instead. So whats the deal with Oxiracetam? Any one have any real world experience with these stacks??

best way to make a stack?

[Skigazzi]

1-any draw backs to taking all thse at once?
2-ar4 th available at say your fav. bulk powder supplier?
3-how is the taste of these all mixed together lol
4- any drawbacks like sleeplessness with any of thse stacks. id hate to be up all night after my lab ends at 10pm

1- As long as dosage is low for each, it should be OK, but there is no need to take all the cetams at once. Personal opinion of each varies, its finding the right one, or combo for each person that is important.
2- Yes, search around, and you will find them all
3- eh....chemical tasting.
4- No sleeplessness should result, if it does, adjust dose to an earlier time.

Nice finds PU12, I was gonna do the hydergines etc, but feel asleep

[Skigazzi]

you mentioned that Oxiracetam is the "elite" nootropic and faster acting+stronger than piracetem, how come Oxiracetam isnt listed in any of the stacks?

i was thinking of getting some ********, but maybe ill just make a good nootropics mix instead. So whats the deal with Oxiracetam? Any one have any real world experience with these stacks??

best way to make a stack?

Ox doesnt have as much feedback as the others, if you do wanna go right to it, Id suggest 10 grams of lecithin daily with it.

Id say going strainght to OX is like going straight to M1T (though not dangerous like M1T). The cost of starting with a month of piracetam and lecithin is nothing, and then one can start to tweak things to see how they work.

With all things, drugs, homones, painkillers etc, its highly recommended to take the lowest dose of the weakest substance that will give you the response you are looking for.

For anyone wanting to try these types of supps, starting with a premade mix like Neurostim or Focus XT is recommended, and then bulk powders of the others can be bought and mixed in with different dosages. And remember, you can use less than full dose of them too.