Random Reading....

[Emma-Leigh]

As above....^^
Simply a thread to post any links to articles of interest you feel like sharing....

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356526

Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Sep;31(9):1378-83. Epub 2007 Mar 13. Links
How adaptations of substrate utilization regulate body composition.

Hall KD, Bain HL, Chow CC.
Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. kevinh@niddk.nih.gov
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the mathematical relationship between longitudinal changes of body composition and the adaptations of substrate utilization required to produce those changes. DESIGN: We developed a simple mathematical model of macronutrient balance. By using an empirical relationship describing lean body mass as a function of fat mass, we derived a mathematical expression for how substrate utilization adapts to changes of diet, energy expenditure and body fat such that energy imbalances produced the required changes of body composition. RESULTS: The general properties of our model implied that short-term changes of dietary fat alone had little impact on either fat or non-fat oxidation rates, in agreement with indirect calorimetry data. In contrast, changes of non-fat intake caused robust adaptations of both fat and non-fat oxidation rates. Without fitting any model parameters, the predicted body composition changes and oxidation rates agreed with experimental studies of overfeeding and underfeeding when the measured food intake, energy expenditure and initial body composition were used as model inputs. CONCLUSION: This is the first report to define the quantitative connection between longitudinal changes of body composition and the required relationship between substrate utilization, diet, energy expenditure and body fat mass. The mathematical model predictions are in good agreement with experimental data and provide the basis for future study of how changes of substrate utilization impact body composition regulation.
PMID: 17356526 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501861
Metabolism. 2009 Sep;58(9):1320-8. Epub 2009 Jun 18. Links
Individual responsiveness to exercise-induced fat loss is associated with change in resting substrate utilization.

Barwell ND, Malkova D, Leggate M, Gill JM.
Integrative and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. j.gill@bio.gla.ac.uk
Fat loss in response to exercise training varies between individuals, even when differences in compliance to the exercise program are accounted for. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether individual variation in change in fasting respiratory quotient (RQ) after exercise training contributes to this interindividual variability. Fifty-five premenopausal women participated in a 7-week endurance-type exercise training program; and fitness, body composition, and resting substrate utilization and metabolic rate in the fasted state were assessed at baseline and postintervention. Total net energy expenditure of the exercise intervention (exEE) was determined from heart rate obtained in all exercise sessions and individualized calibration of the heart rate vs oxygen uptake relationship. Dietary intake and physical activity (by constant heart rate monitoring) were assessed at baseline and during the final week of the intervention. Mean change in fat mass for the group was -0.97 kg (range, +2.1 to -5.3 kg). The strongest correlate of change in fat mass was exEE (r = 0.60, P < .0005). Change in fasting RQ correlated significantly (r = -0.26, P = .05) with the residual for change in fat mass after adjusting for the effects of both exEE and change in energy intake, explaining 7% of the variance. In multiple regression analysis, exEE (P < .0005) and change in fasting RQ (P = .02) were the only statistically significant independent predictors of change in fat mass, together explaining 40.2% of the variance. Thus, fat loss in response to exercise training depends not only on exercise energy expenditure but also on exercise training-induced changes in RQ at rest. This suggests that development of strategies to maximize the change in resting fat oxidation in response to an exercise training program may help individuals to maximize exercise-induced fat loss.
PMID: 19501861 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840293
Dyn Med. 2008 Oct 7;7:16. Links
Modeling transitions in body composition: the approach to steady state for anthropometric measures and physiological functions in the Minnesota human starvation study.

Hargrove JL, Heinz G, Heinz O.
Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Dawson Hall, Athens, GA, USA 30602. jhargrov@fcs.uga.edu.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: This study evaluated whether the changes in several anthropometric and functional measures during caloric restriction combined with walking and treadmill exercise would fit a simple model of approach to steady state (a plateau) that can be solved using spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel(R)). We hypothesized that transitions in waist girth and several body compartments would fit a simple exponential model that approaches a stable steady-state. METHODS: The model (an equation) was applied to outcomes reported in the Minnesota starvation experiment using Microsoft Excel's Solver(R) function to derive rate parameters (k) and projected steady state values. However, data for most end-points were available only at t = 0, 12 and 24 weeks of caloric restriction. Therefore, we derived 2 new equations that enable model solutions to be calculated from 3 equally spaced data points. RESULTS: For the group of male subjects in the Minnesota study, body mass declined with a first order rate constant of about 0.079 wk-1. The fractional rate of loss of fat free mass, which includes components that remained almost constant during starvation, was 0.064 wk-1, compared to a rate of loss of fat mass of 0.103 wk-1. The rate of loss of abdominal fat, as exemplified by the change in the waist girth, was 0.213 wk-1.On average, 0.77 kg was lost per cm of waist girth. Other girths showed rates of loss between 0.085 and 0.131 wk-1. Resting energy expenditure (REE) declined at 0.131 wk-1. Changes in heart volume, hand strength, work capacity and N excretion showed rates of loss in the same range. The group of 32 subjects was close to steady state or had already reached steady state for the variables under consideration at the end of semi-starvation. CONCLUSION: When energy intake is changed to new, relatively constant levels, while physical activity is maintained, changes in several anthropometric and physiological measures can be modeled as an exponential approach to steady state using software that is widely available. The 3 point method for parameter estimation provides a criterion for testing whether change in a variable can be usefully modelled with exponential kinetics within the time range for which data are available.
PMID: 18840293 [PubMed - in process]

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369435
PLoS Comput Biol. 2008 Mar 28;4(3):e1000045. Links
The dynamics of human body weight change.

Chow CC, Hall KD.
Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America. carsonc@mail.nih.gov
An imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure will lead to a change in body weight (mass) and body composition (fat and lean masses). A quantitative understanding of the processes involved, which currently remains lacking, will be useful in determining the etiology and treatment of obesity and other conditions resulting from prolonged energy imbalance. Here, we show that a mathematical model of the macronutrient flux balances can capture the long-term dynamics of human weight change; all previous models are special cases of this model. We show that the generic dynamic behavior of body composition for a clamped diet can be divided into two classes. In the first class, the body composition and mass are determined uniquely. In the second class, the body composition can exist at an infinite number of possible states. Surprisingly, perturbations of dietary energy intake or energy expenditure can give identical responses in both model classes, and existing data are insufficient to distinguish between these two possibilities. Nevertheless, this distinction has important implications for the efficacy of clinical interventions that alter body composition and mass.
PMID: 18369435 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19386028

Nutr Rev. 2009 May;67(5):249-54. Links
The energy balance equation: looking back and looking forward are two very different views.

Schoeller DA.
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. dschoell@nutrisci.wisc.edu
The energy balance equation has served as an important tool for the study of bioenergetics. It is based on one of the most fundamental properties of thermodynamics and has been invaluable in understanding the interactions of energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition. Recently, however, the obesity epidemic has extended the use of the equation to the creation of public health messages for preventing or even reversing secular trends in body mass index. This usage often fails to consider how changes in any one term of the equation can lead to accommodations in one or both of the other two terms. It is concluded that research and public health messages should not simply consider how interventions affect just energy expenditure or energy intake, but rather how they affect the balance or gap between energy intake and expenditure.

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18842775

Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Oct;88(4):906-12. Links
Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight.

Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J, Gallagher DA, Leibel RL.
Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. mr475@columbia.edu
BACKGROUND: After weight loss, total energy expenditure -- in particular, energy expenditure at low levels of physical activity -- is lower than predicted by actual changes in body weight and composition. An important clinical issue is whether this reduction, which predisposes to weight regain, persists over time. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether this disproportionate reduction in energy expenditure persists in persons who have maintained a body-weight reduction of > or =10% for >1 y. DESIGN: Seven trios of sex- and weight-matched subjects were studied in an in-patient setting while receiving a weight-maintaining liquid formula diet of identical composition. Each trio consisted of a subject at usual weight (Wt(initial)), a subject maintaining a weight reduction of > or =10% after recent (5-8 wk) completion of weight loss (Wt(loss-recent)), and a subject who had maintained a documented reduction in body weight of >10% for >1 y (Wt(loss-sustained)). Twenty-four-hour total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed by precise titration of fed calories of a liquid formula diet necessary to maintain body weight. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Nonresting energy expenditure (NREE) was calculated as NREE = TEE - (REE +TEF). RESULTS: TEE, NREE, and (to a lesser extent) REE were significantly lower in the Wt(loss-sustained) and Wt(loss-recent) groups than in the Wt(initial) group. Differences from the Wt(initial) group in energy expenditure were qualitatively and quantitatively similar after recent and sustained weight loss. CONCLUSION: Declines in energy expenditure favoring the regain of lost weight persist well beyond the period of dynamic weight loss.
PMID: 18842775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19253879

Rev Prat. 2009 Jan 20;59(1):41-7.Links
[Energy expenditure. How can they be measured?]

[Article in French]

Rigaud D.
CHU Dijon, h?pital du Bocage, service endocrinologie-nutrition, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France. daniel.rigaud@chu-dijon.fr
Body weight is dependent on the mass of the body and on the fat-free mass. In order to accomplish its mechanical and biochemical functions, the Krebs cycle is activated and generates ATP formation. From ATP, ADP is generated, releasing energy. Total energy expenditure (EE) includes: resting EE, diet-induced thermogenesis, activity-based EE and EE from thermoregulation. They represent 65%, 15%, 20% and 2% of total EE in sedentary human being. The subjects who will being overweight have, as a mean, decreased REE, DIT, PAEE and EETR. At the opposite, the thin subjects have elevated REE, DIT, PAEE and may be EETR. When an obese people is slimming, REE, DIT, PAEE and EETR decrease. When a thin people is gaining weight, REE, DIT, PAEE and EETR increase. This adaptative phenomenon explains why change in body weight and body masses are not linear.

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12199298

Nutr Rev. 2002 Aug;60(8):223-33. Links

The thermic effect of food and obesity: discrepant results and methodological variations.
Granata GP, Brandon LJ.
Department of Human Performance and Health Promotion, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
Studies have yielded discrepant results concerning whether the thermic effect of food (TEF) is reduced in obesity. Methodological variations among published studies make understanding the discrepant results very difficult. Although methodological differences are often noted as contributing to the discrepant results, little work has been done to address these differences and standardize experimental protocols. This paper reviews 50 studies that have investigated TEF in obesity and focuses on factors related to experimental protocol and subject control that reportedly affect measurements of resting energy expenditure, postprandial energy expenditure, and the calculation of TEF.
PMID: 12199298 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16166564

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Dec;25(12):2451-62. Epub 2005 Sep 15. Links
Fast food, central nervous system insulin resistance, and obesity.

Isganaitis E, Lustig RH.
Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0434, USA.
Rates of obesity and insulin resistance have climbed sharply over the past 30 years. These epidemics are temporally related to a dramatic rise in consumption of fast food; until recently, it was not known whether the fast food was driving the obesity, or vice versa. We review the unique properties of fast food that make it the ideal obesigenic foodstuff, and elucidate the mechanisms by which fast food intake contributes to obesity, emphasizing its effects on energy metabolism and on the central regulation of appetite. After examining the epidemiology of fast food consumption, obesity, and insulin resistance, we review insulin's role in the central nervous system's (CNS) regulation of energy balance, and demonstrate the role of CNS insulin resistance as a cause of leptin resistance and in the promotion of the pleasurable or "hedonic" responses to food. Finally, we analyze the characteristics of fast food, including high-energy density, high fat, high fructose, low fiber, and low dairy intake, which favor the development of CNS insulin resistance and obesity.

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17451048

Ideggyogy Sz. 2007 Mar 30;60(3-4):97-108.Links
Brain insulin signalling in the regulation of energy balance and peripheral metabolism.

Diamant M.
Department of Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, PO BOX 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.diamant@vumc.nl
The unparalleled global rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes, together with the associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, are referred to as the "diabesity pandemic". Changes in lifestyle occurring worldwide, including the increased consumption of high-caloric foods and reduced exercise, are regarded as the main causal factors. Central obesity and insulin resistance have emerged as important linking components. Understanding the aetiology of the cluster of pathologies that leads to the increased risk is instrumental in the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies. Historically, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver were regarded as key insulin target organs involved in insulin-mediated regulation of peripheral carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. The consequences of impaired insulin action in these organs were deemed to explain the functional and structural abnormalities associated with insulin resistance. The discovery of insulin receptors in the central nervous system, the detection of insulin in the cerebrospinal fluid after peripheral insulin administration and the well-documented effects of intracerebroventricularly injected insulin on energy homeostasis, have identified the brain as an important target for insulin action. In addition to its critical role as a peripheral signal integrating the complex network of hypothalamic neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that influence parameters of energy balance, central nervous insulin signalling is also implicated in the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism. This review summarizes the evidence of insulin action in the brain as part of the multifaceted circuit involved in the central regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis, and discuss the role of impaired central nervous insulin signalling as a pathogenic factor in the obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemic.
PMID: 17451048 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[dimasso69]

Effects of severe protein restriction with ketoanalogues in advanced renal failure.Malvy D, Maingourd C, Pengloan J, Bagros P, Nivet H.
Centre Ren? Labusqui?re and INSERM U.330, Universit? Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, France.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a severe protein restriction diet supplemented with ketoanalogues to a moderate protein restriction diet in order to limit glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease in an advanced renal insufficiency stage. DESIGN: Prospective randomised study conducted to compare a severe protein restriction diet (0.30 g/kg/day) supplemented with a preparation of ketoanalogues, hydroxyanalogues of aminoacids and aminoacids (Group A) to a moderate protein restriction diet (0.65 g/kg/day) (Group B). PATIENTS: 50 uremic patients included (25 in each group) with GFR is <20 mL/min/1.73m2. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two dietary regimens for the renal survival. But uremia decreased significantly in Group A (22.7+/-5.2 to 18.5+/-6.7 mmol/L) and increased in Group B (26.8+/-9.0 to 34.9+/-9.9 mmol/L). Calcemia increased in Group A from 2.28+/-0.18 to 2.42+/-0.17 mmol/L, p<0.01 with a stable phosphoremia while calcemia decreased in Group B (2.33+/-0.18 to 2.25+/-0.17 mmol/L, p<0.05). At the end of the study, Group A was different from Group B for calcemia (2.42+/-0.17 vs. 2.25+/-0.17 mmol/L, p<0.01), phosphoremia (1.39+/-0.30 vs. 1.80+/-0.65 mmol/L, p<0.02), alkaline phosphatase (61.42+/-22.93 vs. 78.8+/-27.0, p<0.05) and parathormone plasma levels (2.71+/-1.55 vs. 5.91+/-1.41 ng/mL, p<0.001). COMMENTS: Compared to a moderate protein restriction (0.65 g/kg/day), a severe protein restriction (0.3 g/kg/day) supplemented by ketoanologues does not limit GFR decrease when GFR is below 20 mL/min/1.73m2, but improves phosphocalcic plasma parameters.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...ubmed_RVDocSum



Plasma urea appearance rate is lower when children with kwashiorkor and infection are fed egg white-tryptophan rather than milk protein.Manary MJ, Yarasheski KE, Hart CA, Broadhead RL.
Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

In kwashiorkor, there is less endogenous proteolysis in response to acute infection than in a well-nourished state. Thus the amino acid composition of dietary protein may be more important in facilitating the acute phase response in kwashiorkor. This study tested the hypothesis that during the treatment of kwashiorkor with infection, there is a lower rate of urea appearance when the dietary intake of amino acids more closely resembles the amino acid composition of acute phase proteins. Thirty children in Malawi with kwashiorkor and acute infection were fed isoenergetic, isonitrogenous meals containing either egg white-tryptophan or milk as a protein source. After 24 h, the rates of urea appearance and whole-body protein breakdown and synthesis were measured with the use of 1-13C-leucine and 15N2-urea tracers. Plasma concentrations of seven acute phase proteins, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured on admission, and at 24 and 48 h. The 16 children who received egg white-tryptophan had lower rates of urea appearance than those who received milk [57+/-30 vs. 87+/-36 micromol/(kg x h), mean +/- SD, P<0.02]. No significant differences were found in the rates of whole-body protein turnover or in the concentration of any of the acute phase proteins or cytokines. The concentration of interleukin 6 was consistent with an appropriate proinflammatory response and correlated directly with the concentrations of C-reactive protein (r = 0.67, P<0.01) and alpha1-antitrypsin (r = 0.40, P<0.05). The findings suggest that egg white-tryptophan is associated with less amino acid oxidation in kwashiorkor and acute infection than is milk.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...ubmed_RVDocSum

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12436270

Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002 Nov;88(1-2):50-60. Epub 2002 Aug 15. Links

Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones.
Campos GE, Luecke TJ, Wendeln HK, Toma K, Hagerman FC, Murray TF, Ragg KE, Ratamess NA, Kraemer WJ, Staron RS.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine Hall, rm 430, Athens, OH 45701, USA.

Thirty-two untrained men [mean (SD) age 22.5 (5.8) years, height 178.3 (7.2) cm, body mass 77.8 (11.9) kg] participated in an 8-week progressive resistance-training program to investigate the "strength-endurance continuum". Subjects were divided into four groups: a low repetition group (Low Rep, n = 9) performing 3-5 repetitions maximum (RM) for four sets of each exercise with 3 min rest between sets and exercises, an intermediate repetition group (Int Rep, n = 11) performing 9-11 RM for three sets with 2 min rest, a high repetition group (High Rep, n = 7) performing 20-28 RM for two sets with 1 min rest, and a non-exercising control group (Con, n = 5). Three exercises (leg press, squat, and knee extension) were performed 2 days/week for the first 4 weeks and 3 days/week for the final 4 weeks. Maximal strength [one repetition maximum, 1RM), local muscular endurance (maximal number of repetitions performed with 60% of 1RM), and various cardiorespiratory parameters (e.g., maximum oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, maximal aerobic power, time to exhaustion) were assessed at the beginning and end of the study. In addition, pre- and post-training muscle biopsy samples were analyzed for fiber-type composition, cross-sectional area, myosin heavy chain (MHC) content, and capillarization. Maximal strength improved significantly more for the Low Rep group compared to the other training groups, and the maximal number of repetitions at 60% 1RM improved the most for the High Rep group. In addition, maximal aerobic power and time to exhaustion significantly increased at the end of the study for only the High Rep group. All three major fiber types (types I, IIA, and IIB) hypertrophied for the Low Rep and Int Rep groups, whereas no significant increases were demonstrated for either the High Rep or Con groups. However, the percentage of type IIB fibers decreased, with a concomitant increase in IIAB fibers for all three resistance-trained groups. These fiber-type conversions were supported by a significant decrease in MHCIIb accompanied by a significant increase in MHCIIa. No significant changes in fiber-type composition were found in the control samples. Although all three training regimens resulted in similar fiber-type transformations (IIB to IIA), the low to intermediate repetition resistance-training programs induced a greater hypertrophic effect compared to the high repetition regimen. The High Rep group, however, appeared better adapted for submaximal, prolonged contractions, with significant increases after training in aerobic power and time to exhaustion. Thus, low and intermediate RM training appears to induce similar muscular adaptations, at least after short-term training in previously untrained subjects. Overall, however, these data demonstrate that both physical performance and the associated physiological adaptations are linked to the intensity and number of repetitions performed, and thus lend support to the "strength-endurance continuum".
PMID: 12436270 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[fodosho]

Here is something I think everyone who is getting serious about their diet should read
http://www.jissn.com/content/5/1/17

[Emma-Leigh]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413101

Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1023-30. Links

Comment in:
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):1249-50; author reply 1250.


Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial.

Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, Pittas AG, Fuss PJ, Cheatham RA, Tyler S, Tsay M, McCrory MA, Lichtenstein AH, Dallal GE, Dutta C, Bhapkar MV, Delany JP, Saltzman E, Roberts SB.
Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA.
BACKGROUND: There remains no consensus about the optimal dietary composition for sustained weight loss. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effects of 2 dietary macronutrient patterns with different glycemic loads on adherence to a prescribed regimen of calorie restriction (CR), weight and fat loss, and related variables. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) of diets with a high glycemic load (HG) or a low glycemic load (LG) at 30% CR was conducted in 34 healthy overweight adults with a mean (+/-SD) age of 35 +/- 6 y and body mass index (kg/m(2)) of 27.6 +/- 1.4. All food was provided for 6 mo in diets controlled for confounding variables, and subjects self-administered the plans for 6 additional months. Primary and secondary outcomes included energy intake measured by doubly labeled water, body weight and fatness, hunger, satiety, and resting metabolic rate. RESULTS: All groups consumed significantly less energy during CR than at baseline (P < 0.01), but changes in energy intake, body weight, body fat, and resting metabolic rate did not differ significantly between groups. Both groups ate more energy than provided (eg, 21% and 28% CR at 3 mo and 16% and 17% CR at 6 mo with HG and LG, respectively). Percentage weight change at 12 mo was -8.04 +/- 4.1% in the HG group and -7.81 +/- 5.0% in the LG group. There was no effect of dietary composition on changes in hunger, satiety, or satisfaction with the amount and type of provided food during CR. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide more detailed evidence to suggest that diets differing substantially in glycemic load induce comparable long-term weight loss.

[Emma-Leigh]

some readings behind why anorexia requires >>> energy intake than what would be predicted...

http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/1469

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 80, No. 6, 1469-1477, December 2004
? 2004 American Society for Clinical Nutrition
ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION

Factors associated with the increase in resting energy expenditure during refeeding in malnourished anorexia nervosa patients1,2,3

Virginie Van Wymelbeke, Laurent Brondel, Jean Marcel Brun and Daniel Rigaud
1 From the Centre Europ?en des Sciences du Go?t, Medical Research Unit-National Center of Scientific Research 5170, Dijon, France (VVW, LB, and DR), and the Service d'Endocrinologie, Le Bocage University Hospital, Dijon, France (DR and JMB)

Background: In malnourished anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, body-weight gain during refeeding is slowed by an increase in resting energy expenditure (REE).

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify factors associated with the increase in REE during refeeding.

Design: Before and 8, 30, and 45 d after the beginning of refeeding, REE was studied by indirect calorimetry in 87 female AN patients [ ? SD age: 23.4 ? 7.9 y; body mass index (in kg/m2) 13.2 ? 1.3]. Energy intake, body composition (by bioelectrical impedance analysis), physical activity, smoking behavior, abdominal pain, anxiety, depressive mood, serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone, and urinary catecholamines were measured. REE was also evaluated in 18 patients after 1 y of recovery.

Results: By day 8, REE increased from 3.84 ? 0.6 to 4.36 ? 0.59 MJ/d (P < 0.01). This increase (13.4%) was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that expected on the basis of the increase in fat-free mass (FFM; 1.6%). Thereafter, the ratio of REE to FFM remained high and, in multivariate analysis, was significantly related to 4 factors: energy intake (P < 0.01), anxiety (P < 0.01), abdominal pain (P < 0.05), and depressive mood (P < 0.05). The ratio also increased significantly with physical activity (P < 0.01) and cigarette smoking (P < 0.02). This rise in REE leveled off after recovery from AN.

Conclusion: In AN patients, the rise in REE observed during refeeding was independently linked to anxiety level, abdominal pain, physical activity, and cigarette smoking, and it contributed to resistance to weight gain.

http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/con...ract/92/5/1623

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 92, No. 5 1623-1629
Copyright ? 2007 by The Endocrine Society
Hormonal and Psychological Factors Linked to the Increased Thermic Effect of Food in Malnourished Fasting Anorexia Nervosa

Daniel Rigaud, Bruno Verges, Nicole Colas-Linhart, Anne Petiet, Myriam Moukkaddem, Virginie Van Wymelbeke and Laurent Brondel
Centre Europ?en des Sciences du Go?t (D.R., V.V.W., L.B.), Unit? Mixte de Recherche-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5170, 21000 Dijon, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Le Bocage (B.V., M.M.), 21079 Dijon, France; and Faculty of Medicine X. Bichat (N.C.-L., A.P.), 75018 Paris, France

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Prof. Daniel Rigaud, Service d?Endocrinologie et Nutrition, H?pital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Le Bocage, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France. E-mail: daniel.rigaud@chu-dijon.fr.

Objectives: In patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), weight gain is lower than that expected from the energy content of the meals. Thus we investigated the thermic effect of food (TEF) in relation to subjective feelings and plasma hormone levels in a group of AN patients.

Methods: TEF, feelings (14 items), and plasma release of ?-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, dopamine, and catecholamines were evaluated in 15 AN patients (body mass index, 13.6 ? 1.2 kg?m?2) and in 15 healthy women after three gastric loads (0, 300, 700 kcal) infused by a nasogastric tube in a blind design.

Results: In AN, the blind loads induced an energy-dependent increase in TEF (P < 0.001), which was higher than that observed in healthy women (P < 0.001). Only in AN, a load-dependent decline in the high basal plasma level of ?-endorphin (P < 0.01), an increase in plasma ACTH (P < 0.02) after the two caloric loads, and an increase in cortisol, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels after the 700-kcal load only (P < 0.05) were noted. A calorie-dependent (P < 0.001) increase in nausea, abdominal discomfort, and fear of being fat ratings and a decrease in liking to eat (P < 0.001) and body image were observed in AN patients (P < 0.05). TEF correlated with ratings on satiation, nausea, uncomfortable abdominal swelling, body image, and fear of being fat (for all, P < 0.01).

Conclusion: In AN women, blindly infused loads induced a dose-dependent increase in TEF, which correlated with the increase in plasma cortisol, ACTH, and catecholamines as in unpleasant sensations, fear of being fat, and anxiety as well as a decline in elevated basal ?-endorphin. These results could explain the difficulty for AN patients in gaining weight.

[elmariachii]

Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men

Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, Prior T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):161-8. Epub 2008 Dec 3.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056590





BACKGROUND: The anabolic effect of resistance exercise is enhanced by the provision of dietary protein. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the ingested protein dose response of muscle (MPS) and albumin protein synthesis (APS) after resistance exercise. In addition, we measured the phosphorylation of candidate signaling proteins thought to regulate acute changes in MPS. DESIGN: Six healthy young men reported to the laboratory on 5 separate occasions to perform an intense bout of leg-based resistance exercise. After exercise, participants consumed, in a randomized order, drinks containing 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 g whole egg protein. Protein synthesis and whole-body leucine oxidation were measured over 4 h after exercise by a primed constant infusion of [1-(13)C]leucine. RESULTS: MPS displayed a dose response to dietary protein ingestion and was maximally stimulated at 20 g. The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (Thr(389)), ribosomal protein S6 (Ser(240/244)), and the epsilon-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (Ser(539)) were unaffected by protein ingestion. APS increased in a dose-dependent manner and also reached a plateau at 20 g ingested protein. Leucine oxidation was significantly increased after 20 and 40 g protein were ingested. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of 20 g intact protein is sufficient to maximally stimulate MPS and APS after resistance exercise. Phosphorylation of candidate signaling proteins was not enhanced with any dose of protein ingested, which suggested that the stimulation of MPS after resistance exercise may be related to amino acid availability. Finally, dietary protein consumed after exercise in excess of the rate at which it can be incorporated into tissue protein stimulates irreversible oxidation.

[elmariachii]

Hepatoprotective effects of whey protein on D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis in rats.

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 May;70(5):1281-5.
Kume H, Okazaki K, Sasaki H.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...m&ordinalpos=8




The hepatoprotective effects of whey protein on two injections of D-galactosamine (300 mg/kg, i.p.) were investigated in rats fed a modified AIN-93M diet formulated with a protein source of casein or whey for 16 d. The whey protein-containing diet clearly suppressed an increase in plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity, lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin, which are hepatitis markers, and also hyaluronic acid, a fibrosis marker. In addition, it suppressed histopathological signs of portal fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, and perivenular sclerosis. These results suggest that supplementation with whey protein can help prevent the development of hepatitis and portal fibrosis.

[dustinlima]

Mary G. Enig, lipid biology PhD

http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/index.html

Consider it

[Emma-Leigh]

Originally Posted by dustinlima

Mary G. Enig, lipid biology PhD

http://www.westonaprice.org/knowyourfats/index.html

KNOW THEM!

^ appreciate your input but a somewhat dodgy source.
A little misinformation mixed up with the truth in many of those articles.

[dustinlima]

Mmk I edited the "KNOW THEM" to "Consider it"

At least consider the articles with multiple references (like 15+)

[xAlphax]

Originally Posted by dustinlima

Mmk I edited the "KNOW THEM" to "Consider it" :z

At least consider the articles with multiple references (like 15+)

No one's going to consider anything. Also, I've read that link way back, it looks pretty simple.

[blumnblam]

Pre- and Post-prandial Appetite Hormone Levels in Normal Weight and Severely Obese Women

Joseph J. Carlson; Amy A. Turpin; Gail Wiebke; Steven C. Hunt; Ted D. Adams

Published: 10/14/2009

Abstract

Background: Appetite is affected by many factors including the hormones leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin. Ghrelin stimulates hunger, leptin promotes satiety, and adiponectin affects insulin response. This study was designed to test whether the pre- and postprandial response of key appetite hormones differs in normal weight (NW) and severely obese (SO) women.

Methods: Twenty three women ages 25-50 were recruited for this study including 10 NW (BMI = 23.1 ? 1.3 kg/m2) and 13 SO (BMI = 44.5 ? 7.1 kg/m2). The study was conducted in a hospital-based clinical research centre. Following a 12-hour fast, participants had a baseline blood draw, consumed a moderately high carbohydrate meal (60% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 20% fat) based on body weight. Postprandially, participants had six blood samples drawn at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Primary measures included pre- and post-prandial total ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin and insulin. A repeated measures general linear model was used to evaluate the hormone changes by group and time (significance p ≤ 0.05).

Results: There were significant differences between the NW and the SO for all hormones in the preprandial fasting state. The postprandial responses between the SO versus NW revealed: higher leptin (p < 0.0001), lower adiponectin (p = 0.04), trend for lower ghrelin (p = 0.06) and insulin was not different (p = 0.26). Postprandial responses over time between the SO versus NW: higher leptin (p < 0.001), lower ghrelin and adiponectin (p = 0.004, p = 0.015, respectively), and trend for higher insulin (p = 0.06).

Conclusion: This study indicates that significant differences in both pre- and selected post- prandial levels of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and insulin exist between NW and SO women. Improving our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms accounting for these differences in appetite hormones among individuals with varying body size and adiposity should aid in the development of future therapies to prevent and treat obesity.

More interesting stuff on leptin, adiponectin, insulin connection.

Question: Have any pharmaceuticals/supplement companies done anything to try and increase expression of adiponectin?