Metabolic Typing. Fact or fiction?

[deniall]

I know this is the supplement science section but I have searched through all the threads discussing this topic and none of them were very detailed or informative. My main goal for this thread is to discuss Metabolic Tping and whether or not people think it's a legitimate practice or if it's just a money making scheme. I'm hoping some of the health professionals and doctors can chime in on this as I really value their opinions. Let's get a healthy debate going and also share any personal experiences you might have with Metabolic Typing or your reactions to certain foods.

What is "Metabolic Typing?"?

Introduction
Think of your body as being like a large, multi-national corporation that has thousands of employees, numerous departments, a multitude of communication requirements, complex production schedules, multi-dimensional supply channels, etc., yet the innumerable activities of the corporation all fall under the direction and control of only a handful of executives. Your metabolism works in a similar fashion. ( Metabolism refers to the sum total of all physiological and biochemical reactions that take place in your body in order to sustain life ). Although hundreds of thousands of biochemical reactions take place in your body on a daily basis, they all fall under the regulation of only a few Fundamental Homeostatic Controls. (FHC)
Metabolic Typing? uncovers the patterns of the genetically-based strengths and weaknesses that make each of us, on a physiological and biochemical level, as unique as our fingerprints. It evolved through a correlation of the known scientific facts concerning the fundamental control systems, with the clinical observation and empirical experience of hundreds of practitioners, with over 60,000 cases over the last 25 years.

Autonomic Nervous System
The ANS, referred to as the master regulator of metabolism, has two divisions: the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic. Each works in opposition to the other, yet they work together to maintain homeostasis ( metabolic balance and efficiency ). For example, Sympathetic nervous stimulation speeds the heart rate, while Parasympathetic stimulation slows the heart rate. Together, the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic divisions work to maintain the proper heart rate, as well as the functioning of all the various organs and glands. Certain organs are "switched on" by the Sympathetic and "switched off" by the Parasympathetic, while other organs are "switched on" by the Parasympathetic and "switched off" by the Sympathetic. Some people have inherited stronger organs and glands that are stimulated by the Sympathetic division. These are known as the Sympathetic Dominant Metabolic Types?. Other people have inherited greater strength overall in the Parasympathetic organs and glands and are thus known as Parasympathetic Dominant Metabolic Types?. In those whose organs and glands are relatively balanced between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic influences, the term Balanced Dominants is used to describe their Metabolic Type?.

Oxidative System
While it might be said that the ANS is concerned with maintenance and regulation of energy, the Oxidative System concerns the rate at which nutrients are converted to energy within all of your body's 100 trillion cells. It involves 3 important intracellular processes:
Glycolysis
Beta Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle
About 20% of the potential energy created from your food comes from the combustion of carbohydrates in Glycolysis. The other potential 80% comes from the Citric Acid Cycle. In simple terms, energy is produced in the Citric Acid Cycle from a combination of the right amount of Oxaloacetate ( from the combustion of carbohydrates in Glycolysis ) and the right amount of Acetyl Coenzyme-A ( from metabolism of fats in Beta Oxidation ). If there is too much Oxaloacetate and not enough Acetyl Co-A, or if there is too much Acetyl Co-A and not enough Oxaloacetate, then energy production is deficient.

Some people are Fast Oxidizers -- they are poor at metabolizing fats and producing Acetyl Co-A from Beta Oxidation and so they are overly reliant on the combustion of carbohydrates in Glycolysis for energy production. Fast Oxidizers tend to burn carbohydrates too quickly and thus they produce excess Oxaloacetate. A high carbohydrate diet only worsens the problem, but increased amounts of fats and proteins ( dietary sources of Acetyl Co-A ) and specific nutrients to help activate and support Beta Oxidation, help balance their chemistries and normalize their energy production.

Slow Oxidizers have the same problem as Fast Oxidizers -- deficient energy production -- but for the exact opposite reasons. Slow Oxidizers are overly reliant on fat metabolism in Beta Oxidation, so they produce excess Acetyl Co-A, but they are also poor at carbohydrate combustion in Glycolysis, and tend to be deficient in the production of Oxaloacetate. Unlike the Fast Oxidizers, Slow Oxidizers do well on higher carbohydrate intakes ( dietary sources for oxaloacetate ) with less protein and fat in their diets ( sources of Acetyl Co-A ) and they require different nutrients to activate and support Glycolysis.

In short, both the kinds of foods and the proportions of the proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are very different for each Metabolic Type?. They require different "fuels" and different "fuel mixes" in order to properly convert their nutrients into energy.

Dominance -- Putting It All Together

Within each of these Control Systems, there are 3 possible Metabolic Type? categories:

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Type
Balanced Type
Parasympathetic Type

Oxidative System

Slow Oxidizer Type
Mixed Oxidizer Type
Fast Oxidizer Type

Therefore, there are 9 possible Metabolic Type? combinations involving the pairing of the Autonomic and the Oxidative Systems:

Sympathetic Fast
Sympathetic Mixed
Sympathetic Slow
Balanced Fast
Balanced Mixed
Balanced Slow
Parasympathetic Fast
Parasympathetic Mixed
Parasympathetic Slow

Within each pair, one Fundamental Homeostatic Control ( FHC ) will be dominant -- either the Autonomic or the Oxidative System. For example, in the first pairing, either the Sympathetic Autonomic System will dominate, or the Fast Oxidative System will dominate. Why is this significant ? Because whichever control mechanism is dominant will dictate how nutrients will behave in your body. This is because foods and nutrients have opposite biochemical behavior in the different FHC's. Any food can be either stimulating or sedating, acidifying or alkalinizing -- not due to an inherent quality of the food itself, but rather due to the effect of the food on the dominant control mechanism. Every food and every nutrient has a very specific effect on the body's FHC's. For example, eating an orange or taking a potassium supplement will alkalinize the chemistry of an Autonomic Dominant ( by stimulating the Parasympathetic System ), but will acidify the chemistry of an Oxidative Dominant ( by increasing Fast Oxidation ).

The different influence of nutrients and foods on each Metabolic Type? is what makes nutrition so confusing. It's a matter of a roll of the dice without Metabolic Typing?. This is the reason that "one man's food is another's poison" -- what can help heal one person can worsen the same condition in another person. [ Note: This phenomena was first observed in 1983, by W.L. Wolcott, the founder of The Healthexcel System of Metabolic Typing? and was coined by him as "The Dominance Factor." ]

Certain foods stimulate, strengthen and support the Parasympathetic System ( alkalinize ), while other foods stimulate, strengthen and support the Sympathetic System ( acidify ). In the Oxidative System, the effects of these same foods are actually reversed! This is why nutrition can be so confusing, complex and unpredictable.

Our online questionnaire solves this problem quickly and easily.

Final Words
Make no mistake ? food is the most powerful "drug" on this earth. You eat it several times a day, every day of your life. It contains hundreds upon hundreds of compounds that your body uses as its "fuel for life." Your food can be your medicine or your poison. It has the power to heal. But it also has the power to make you ill if you eat foods that are wrong for you. With the exception of accidents and suicide, the 10 leading causes of death in the US can all be caused by eating the wrong diet, and all of them have been cured by eating the right diet!
It's not only what you eat, it's also in what proportions you consume your macro-nutrients ( proteins, fats, and carbohydrates ) that will allow you to maximize your energy, develop peak performance, normalize your appetite and be as trim as you can be. After eating, you should feel an elevation of your energy, a normalization of your moods, and a sense of feeling satisfied. If, within 1-2 hours after eating, you feel more tired, or your mood worsens, or you still feel hungry, crave sweets or feel like you need a "pick-me-up," then you need to change the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates at that meal until your symptoms improve.

More than Diet Alone

If you follow your Metabolic Type? diet program as closely as you can, then the right supplements for your Metabolic Type? can have their full intended effect. If you eat the wrong diet but take the right supplements, it's like trying to walk in two different directions at the same time.

[deniall]

Glossary

Acid / Alkaline ( pH of the body ) - the degree of acidity or alkalinity, which is regulated by several of the Fundamental Homeostatic Controls. Because all biochemical processes are dependent upon a specific, narrow pH range, the acid / alkaline balance is very important in deciding the presence of health or disease.

Aerobic - Chemical processes in the body that require oxygen. Example: Long-distance running is an aerobic exercise. ( see Anaerobic )

Allergy - Hypersensitivity to substances including ( but not limited to ) environmental and foods. Some symptoms produced by allergy are sneezing, rashes, itching, fatigue, and depression.

Anabolic - The building up in the body into more complex substances from simpler ones. Part of the Lipo-Oxidative Control System involving the balance of anabolic / catabolic processes in the body. Anabolic processes are anaerobic ( not requiring oxygen ) and involve increased levels of sterols relative to fatty acids, resulting in decreased cell membrane permeability. ( see Anaerobic and Lipo-Oxidative )

Anaerobic - Chemical processes in the body that do not require oxygen. Example: Sprinting and weight-lifting are anaerobic exercises. Anaerobic processes are also anabolic in nature. ( see Aerobic and Anabolic )

Asthma - Condition characterized by sudden, recurring attacks of coughing, chest constriction, labored breathing, lung congestion and wheezing. Asthma involves overreactivity by the parasympathetic vagus nerve.

Autonomic Nervous System - Communications system from the brain to the organs, glands and every cell in the body, considered the master regulator of metabolism. The ANS consists of two divisions -- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic -- whose opposing, yet complementary ( push / pull ) interplay, results in metabolic regulation. Example: Sympathetic speeds the heart rate, Parasympathetic slows it. Together, these opposing influences regulate the heart rate.

Beta Oxidation - See Oxidation.

Biochemical - Processes and chemicals in living organisms.

Biochemical Individuality - Inherited patterns of chemical processes in human metabolism that are unique to each person.

Candida - A yeast infection which inhibits efficient digestion and assimilation, and if chronic, exhausts the immune system, thereby contributing to any degenerative process.

Carbo-Oxidative - Fundamental Control System concerned with cellular conversion of nutrients to energy. Metabolic Types? in this system are Fast Oxidizers, Mixed Oxidizers and Slow Oxidizers. ( see Oxidation )

Carbo Type - Metabolic Type? ( Sympathetic or Slow Oxidizer ) that does well on relatively small amounts of protein and fat foods compared to carbohydrates.

Catabolic - The breaking down in the body of more complex substances into simpler ones. Part of the Lipo-Oxidative Control System involving the balance of anabolic / catabolic processes in the body. Catabolic processes are aerobic ( using oxygen ) and involve increased levels of fatty acids relative to sterols, resulting in increased cell membrane permeability. ( see Aerobic and Lipo-Oxidative )

Citric Acid Cycle - See Oxidation.

Constitutional Type - Concerns constitutional ( hot, cold, dry, etc. ) qualities of the body that relate to similar constitutional qualities of foods and herbs.

Dominant System - The Fundamental Control System that is responsible for how foods and nutrients behave in the body. Nutrients behave differently when different systems are dominant, even to the point that the same food in different Metabolic Types? can have opposite biochemical effects. For example, potassium alkalinizes in Autonomic Dominant Metabolic Types?, but potassium acidifies in Oxidative Dominant Metabolic Types?. "The Dominance Factor" explains why what works for one person can actually worsen another person with the same condition.

Electrolytes - Mineral salts in the body's fluids that conduct electricity. The balance of electrolytes in body fluids is important to ensure that vital substances ( nutrients, enzymes, toxins, hormones, etc. ) are effectively transported to where they need to go.

Electrolyte Insufficiency - Not enough electrolytes in the body's fluids.

Electrolyte Stress - Too dense a ratio of mineral salts in the body's fluids.

Endocrine Type - One of the four primary energy-producing endocrine glands ( pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, gonads ) that play a major role in body structure and determine how and where fat accumulates on the body.

Enzymes - Complex substances in plants and animals that can cause changes in other substances. Enzymes function only within a very narrow range of pH. ( see Acid / Alkaline )

Fatty Acids - A group of acids occurring in natural fats.

FHC - Abbreviation for "Fundamental Homeostatic Control Systems."
Fundamental Homeostatic Controls - Regulatory systems that direct the thousands of biochemical reactions that take place daily within the body and are the basis for one's Metabolic Type?.

Gag ( reflex ) - To choke, or the urge felt in the throat to vomit.

Glycemic Index - All carbohydrates - fruits, vegetables, grains - are converted to glucose in the body. Carbohydrates are categorized according to the speed at which they hit the bloodstream in the form of glucose and they are ranked accordingly in what is known as the Glycemic Index.

Glycolysis - see Oxidation.
Healthexcel System of Metabolic Typing? - Process of evaluating the interrelationship of the body's Fundamental Homeostatic Controls for the creation, maintenance and control of energy and the determination of unique, individual nutritional requirements.

Homeostatic - The tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, ( such as the internal environment of the human body ) to maintain internal stability, due to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that disturbs its normal condition or function.

Incontinence - Urinating or defecating involuntarily.

Krebs Cycle - see Oxidation.

Lipo-Oxidative ( Anabolic / Catabolic ) - One of the Fundamental Control Systems concerning fatty acid / sterol ( mostly unsaturated fat ) balance. Catabolic processes are aerobic ( requiring oxygen ). Anabolic processes are anaerobic ( not requiring oxygen ).
Catabolic ( the breaking down in the body of more complex substances into simpler ones ). Anabolic ( the building up in the body into more complex substances from simpler ones ). This Control System concerns the balance of anabolic / catabolic processes and regulates membrane permeability.

Macro-Nutrients - Proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet. The macro-nutrient ratio at each meal is critical for efficient energy production and good health. The ideal ratio varies between Metabolic Types?, as well as from meal to meal.

Metabolism - Sum total of all physiological and biochemical changes that take place in the body and all energy and material transformations that occur in living cells, utilizing food, air, water and light.

Metabolic Type? - Inherited strengths, weaknesses and patterns in metabolism that define metabolic individuality and unique requirements for nutrition.

Mixed Type - Metabolic Type? ( Balanced or Mixed ) that does best on a mixture of the appropriate foods for both the Protein Types and Carbo Types.

NeuroEndocrine - The interrelationship of the Autonomic Nervous System and the Endocrine System.

Oxidation - Intracellular processes that convert nutrients to energy. Oxidation involves the interplay of 3 intracellular processes: Glycolysis, Beta Oxidation and the Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle. Glycolysis concerns metabolism of carbohydrates. Beta Oxidation is involved in fat metabolism. And Citric Acid Cycle is the final step of energy conversion involving products produced from Glycolysis and Beta Oxidation. These 3 processes can be thought of as providing the recipe for energy production in the cells of the body.

Oxidative - Referring to the process of intracellular conversion of nutrients to energy.
Parasympathetic - Repairing and rebuilding ( "rest and digest" ) side of the autonomic nervous system.

pH - see Acid / Alkaline.

Physiological - The functions / life processes of living things.

Prostaglandin(s) - Derived from fatty acids. Found everywhere in the body and play a role in every metabolic activity.

Protein Type - Metabolic Type? ( Parasympathetic or Fast Oxidizer ) that does well on high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate diet.

Sympathetic - "Fight or flight" ( stressor ) side of the autonomic nervous system.


References
Autonomic Pioneering research linking the autonomic system to nutrition performed by:
* Francis Pottenger, M.D. Symptoms Of Visceral Disease. 1919.
* Royal Lee, D.D.S. Therapeutic Food Manual. 1946.
* William D.Kelley, D.D.S. The Metabolic Types. 1976.
Carbo-Oxidative Original discovery of the oxidative connection to nutrition and metabolic individuality by:
* George Watson, Ph.D. Nutrition And Your Mind. 1972.
* Also see work of Rudolph Wiley, Ph.D. BioBalance. 1989.
Lipo-Oxidative Model based on decades of research on catabolic/anabolic processes by:
* Emanuel Revici, M.D. Research In Physiopathology As Basis Of Guided Chemotherapy. 1961.
Electrolyte/Fluid Balance based on the work of:
* John Riddick and Guy Schenker, D.C. An Analytical System Of Clinical Nutrition. 1989.
Acid/Alkaline Balance Six different imbalances derived from the work of:
* Guy Schenker, D.C. An Analytical System Of Clinical Nutrition. 1989.
Endocrine Type based on works of:
* Henry Harrower, M.D. Practical Endocrinology. 1932.
* Henry Bieler, M.D. Food Is Your Best Medicine. 1965.
* Elliott Abravanel, M.D. Body Type Diet. 1984.
Prostaglandin Balance derived from work of:
* Udo Erasmus. Fats And Oils. 1984.
* Mary Enig. Know Your Fats. 2000.
Constitutional Type drawn from AyurVeda.
* AyurVeda. Charika Samhita.
* Dr. David Frawley. AyurVedic Healing. 1989.
* Dr. Vasant Lad. Ayurveda. 1984.
* Dr. Robert Svoboda. AyurVeda. 1992.
Dominance Factor And The Healthexcel System Of Metabolic Typing? developed by:
* W.L. Wolcott. A Theoretical Model For Clinical Application Of The Relationship Between The Autonomic Nervous System And The Oxidation Rate In The Determination Of Metabolic Types? And The Requirements Of Nutritional Individuality. 1983.
* W.L. Wolcott with Trish Fahey. The Metabolic Typing? Diet. Doubleday, 2000.

[GeneGnomeX]

I will offer my perspective, I have studied nutritional genomics a bit and am fascinated with the recent epigenetic field.

I remember a great paper that hypothesized that the reason diabetes incidence increased in a couple of specific populations not native to the United States who moved here was not because of commonly believed genetic polymorphisms, but epigenetic reasons. This is because for an entire population to adapt permanently & specifically to a certain diet would take many generations of isolationism (gene mutations). In one population (Pima indians), diabetes seems to be decreasing in the immediate next generation which supports epigenetics, not the gene variants themselves.

Because metabolism is such a complex (polygenic) system, and has been molded as such for millions of years, even a number of different SNPs when comparing cultural backgrounds wouldn't be likely to have a dramatic impact on how food is metabolized. The theory is called canalization; to the analogy, the metabolic genome would be stabilized at the bottom of the canal through evolution. But epigenetic modifications to the DNA does influence gene expressions quickly and is a short term adaptation to environmental changes between generations. It also fits nicely with the fetal programming research; mothers who are either restricted of calories or overfed induce changes in the fetus that last for a lifetime. This would have been beneficial to ancient populations, in which the fetus would be better suited for the sudden change in food supply. But in modern times, it is a negative. This is another field that we are just starting to gain full appreciation of, further debunking metabolic typing based on genes.

Now, we are heading into the age of personal genomics. At the beginning of the decade it took many years and billions of dollars to sequence an entire human genome, now it can be done for under $50k and in a much shorter time. It is estimated that by next year already it will be under $1k. This means we will be having mass genome sequencing very soon and huge amounts of data, which will give us some further insight into metabolic differences. But until then it seems to be based all on anecdotes. If most science can't get nutrition right, how would 60,000 anecdotes?

However, there is 1 study suggesting a customized supplemental regimen based on SNPs maintains extended weight loss in comparison to a control group. Maybe we will see a positive effect from food selections based on SNPs as well. But there is no research yet.

But I do not think diets need to be customized to an individual, outside of consuming based on what your directly previous couple of related generations ate because of epigenetic adaptations to the diet.

[GeneGnomeX]

I also suspect that many reports of weight loss on metabolic typing are for confounding reasons that already plague nutrition research, and are not because of metabolic optimization or what not.

First, if someone is on a high carbohydrate diet and switch to a higher fat/protein, total calories generally decreases simply because it is more difficult (at least short term) to choose foods lower in carbohydrate when you are used to that kind of diet.

Also, protein seems to have an effect on how many total calories we consume (protein leverage). In animal models and humans there is evidence that we eat to get to around a certain protein level and we will continue eating calories until this level is reached. This is a big problem in nutrition weight loss research as many studies haven't been controlled for protein intake.

Many diets will "work" if they follow a few simple recommendations like these.

I suppose depending on intake and activity level, increasing carbohydrate could make one feel better if it is too low and not sufficiently maintaining glycogen. It probably wouldn't be too difficult to see glaring reasons if each of these successful metabolic typing cases were presented in full; beginning diet, after diet, activity, etc.

Could go on and on with variables which is why controlled trials are so important...

Just thinking about well controlled studies in similar population groups, we do see subtle metabolic differences but not as dramatic as you would expect if metabolic typing held true.

[FoolontheHill]

However, there is 1 study suggesting a customized supplemental regimen based on SNPs maintains extended weight loss in comparison to a control group. Maybe we will see a positive effect from food selections based on SNPs as well. But there is no research yet.

Excellent post, genegnome. As a bit of an offshoot, could you send me the paper of which you speak? I have much to learn.

[GeneGnomeX]

Excellent post, genegnome. As a bit of an offshoot, could you send me the paper of which you speak? I have much to learn.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/art...?artid=2151062

[Robboe]

Deniall, will you please cite or link your source.

[Eversor]

Deniall, will you please cite or link your source.

https://www.metabolictypingonline.com/WhatItIs.aspx

[deniall]

https://www.metabolictypingonline.com/WhatItIs.aspx

Thanks. That's the one.

[Robboe]

https://www.metabolictypingonline.com/WhatItIs.aspx

Repped on recharge, senoir.

Thanks. That's the one.

I must admit, i do find that my focus and work rate is better when i restrict carbs somewhat although my training does suffer. I tend to reach a compromise with cyclical carb loads.

How do find out my metabolic type?

[deniall]

Repped on recharge, senoir.



I must admit, i do find that my focus and work rate is better when i restrict carbs somewhat although my training does suffer. I tend to reach a compromise with cyclical carb loads.

How do find out my metabolic type?

Unfortunately you need to pay for it. It's a questionairre which asks questions relating to bowel movements, reactions to certain foods etc etc. Once you find out your metabolic type though you really need to pay a consultant to disect all the info and help you properly understand it. The best thing would be to buy the book first and do the self test within. I did the online test and i'm just as confused now as I was before I did it. For those interested I was told i'm a sympathetic dominant which is a carb type.

Here is what I received:

Your Metabolic Type? has been determined as Sympathetic Dominant
While everyone's metabolism is regulated by a wide variety of mechanisms, your test results indicate that your metabolism is being controlled mostly by a system known as the Autonomic Nervous System. This system is comprised of two divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Sympathetic Dominant Types (also known as Carbo Types) need to support the Sympathetic side while stimulating and strengthening the Parasympathetic side in order to achieve better metabolic balance and improved health.

Sympathetic Dominant types generally need a higher carbohydrate intake, and a lower fat and protein intake, relatively speaking, as compared to other Metabolic Types?. They are more capable of being vegetarians and following high carbohydrate diets than other Metabolic Types?. They do poorly on high protein and high fat diets, which can worsen their existing Sympathetic imbalance, and which may result in weight gain, mood changes, fatigue, increase in appetite, and food cravings, especially for sweets or caffeine.

I should also add that upon completing the test I also received several PDF documents describing my ideal foods, foods I should avoid, foods that are "ok" for me and starter meal plans etc. It's good information but i'm not yet fully sold on the whole MT thing.

[TaoistWarrior]

This is a fascinating subject that is gaining popularity. I personally feel there is something of interest there. It makes sense if you believe in genetic adaptation, which nearly all of us science types do. However, because of the burgeoning popularity, and without too much science to back it up just yet, I think the risk of opportunism is high right now. Loads of people willing to shell out big bucks to be typed... let the early adopters sort out the bugs (and sheisters.)

EDIT: For those interested in this theory, google Paul Chek or the Chek Institute. Interesting stuff that makes sense on a gut level... more studies are needed. I fear once again that we are trying to oversimplify something which is marvelously complex (and make it into a business.)

[GeneGnomeX]

Unfortunately you need to pay for it. It's a questionairre which asks questions relating to bowel movements, reactions to certain foods etc etc. Once you find out your metabolic type though you really need to pay a consultant to disect all the info and help you properly understand it. The best thing would be to buy the book first and do the self test within. I did the online test and i'm just as confused now as I was before I did it. For those interested I was told i'm a sympathetic dominant which is a carb type.

Yeesh, yeah stay away.

Think about it this way; assuming they recommend at least some starchy carbohydrate sources this would almost disprove the whole theory right there, since most of human evolution did not include many starches in our diet. There is very little evidence for metabolic genetic mutations since agriculture was invented, only one gene that I am aware of (amylase) in which certain populations might be better adapted to utilize more energy from starch.

It is impossible for metabolic typing to have been accurately defined back in the early 80's.

[JornT]

Ugh, I originally started studing nutrition to archieve my dream of becoming a sports nutritionist for elite athletes. But I'm getting more and more interested in nutritional genomics. So much to learn, so little time!

Great posts GeneGnomeX

[deniall]

Yeesh, yeah stay away.

Think about it this way; assuming they recommend at least some starchy carbohydrate sources this would almost disprove the whole theory right there, since most of human evolution did not include many starches in our diet. There is very little evidence for metabolic genetic mutations since agriculture was invented, only one gene that I am aware of (amylase) in which certain populations might be better adapted to utilize more energy from starch.

It is impossible for metabolic typing to have been accurately defined back in the early 80's.

Yeah apparantly i'm the in the minority. Most people are protein/fat types.

As far as foods go, there really isn't a lot of choice for me in the included food plans. I'm to stay away from all types of red meat, can only eat chicken and turkey, can have lots of full fat dairy but no low fat types, can only eat some grains and seeds, can eat a lot of vegetables and only some fruits and have to avoid all seafood.

I can go into more detail if you would like to know more.

[deniall]

Here is the food list I received. You should be able to zoom in to read it.

http://img134.imageshack.us/i/nialls...emteating.pdf/

[deniall]

Bumper cars for some more discussion.

[FoolontheHill]

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/art...?artid=2151062

many thanks.